THE PASSIVE

A.      FORMING THE PASSIVE

1.      In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive voice

Example:

a)      ACTIVE: Mary (subject) helped (verb) the boy (object)

b)     PASSIVE: The boy (subject) was helped (verb) by Marry.

·         The boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b)

NOTICE: That a subject an active verb follows by in a passive sentence. The noun that follows by called the “agent” in (b): Marry is the agent. In (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

2.      Only transitive verbs (verb that can be followed by an object) are used in the passive.

It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (happen, sleep, come)

Example:

a)      ACTIVE: An accident happened.

b)     PASSIVE: (none)

3.      FORM OF THE PASSIVE (BE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

	ACTIVE				PASSIVE
Simple present	Mary	Helps	the boy	The boy	Is	Helped	By Mary
Present progressive	Mary	Is helping	the boy	The boy	Is being	Helped	By Mary
Present prefect	Mary	Has helped	the boy	The boy	Has been	Helped	By Mary
Simple past	Mary	Helped	the boy	The boy	Was	Helped	By Mary
Past progressive	Mary	Was sleeping	the boy	The boy	Was being	Helped	By Mary
Past prefect	Mary	Had helped	the boy	The boy	Had been	Helped	By Mary
Simple future	Mary	Will help	the boy	The boy	Will be	Helped	By Mary
Be going to	Mary	Is going to help	the boy	The boy	Is going to be	Helped	By Mary
Future prefect	Mary	Will have helped	the boy	The boy	Will have been	Helped	By Mary

4.      In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary verb precedes the subject

Example:

a)      Was the boy helped by Mary?

b)     Is the boy being helped by Mary?

c)      Has the boy being helped by Mary?

NOTICE: The progressive forms of the present prefect, past prefect, future, and future prefect are very rarely used in the passive.

B.      USING THE PASSIVE

1.       Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or important to know exactly who performs an action.

Example:

a)      Rice is grown in Indonesia

·         Rice is grown in Indonesia by people, by farmers, by someone. It is not known or important to known exactly who grows rice in Indonesia.

b)     Our house was built in 1998

c)      This olive oil was important from crete.

·         In (a), (b), (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive without the by-phrase.

2.       The by-phrase is including only if it is important to know who perform an action

Example: Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain.

·         Where by Mark Twain is important information

3.       If the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is used.

Example: My aunt made this rug (active)

4.       Sometimes, even the speaker knows who performs an action, he or she choose to use the passive with the by-phrase because she or he wants to focus  attention of the subject of a sentence. Example:

a)      This rug was made by my aunt.

b)     This rug was made by my mother.

·         The focus of attention is on two rugs.

C.      INDIRECT OBJECTS AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS

1.      I.O (indirect object) and D.O (direct object)

Either an indirect object or a direct may became the subject of a passive sentence. Example:

a)      Someone gave Mrs. Lee (indirect object) an award (direct object)

b)     Mrs. Lee was given an award.

c)      Someone gave an award (direct object) to Mrs. Lee (indirect object)

d)     An award was given to Mrs. Lee

·         In (a), (b), (c), (d) have the same meaning.

·         In (d) when the direct object becomes subject, to is usually kept in front of the indirect object.

D.     THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL MODALS

THE PASSIVE FORM	MODAL +	BE +	PAST PARTICIPLE
Tom The window Children This book This letter Mary Fred	Will Can’t Should May I Had better Ought to Has to Is supposed to	be be be be be be be be	invited opened taught excused returned sent told told	to the picnic to respect the elders from class to the library before Friday before June 1st about our change in plane about the meeting
THE PAST – PASSIVE FORM	MODAL +	HAVE BEEN +	PAST PARTICIPLE
The letter The house Jack	Should Must Ought to	Have been Have been Have been	Sent Built Invited	Last week Over 2 years ago To the party

E.      STATIVE PASSIVE

1.      STATIVE PASSIVE

Example:

a)      The door is old.

b)      The door is green.

·         In (a) and (b) old and green are adjective, they describe the door

c)      The door is locked.

·         In (c) locked is past participle. It is used as an adjective. It is describe of door

2.       When the passive form is used to describe an exiting situation or state it is called the “stative passive” In the stative passive:

a)      No action is taking place, the action happened earlier.

b)     There is no by-phrase.

c)      The past participle functions as an adjective.

Example:

a)      I locked the door five minutes ago.

b)     The door was locked by me five minutes ago.

c)      Now the door is locked.

3.       Preposition other than by can follow stative passive verbs

Example:

a.       I am interested in Chinese art.

b.       He is satisfied with his job.

c.       Ann is married to Alex.

4.       These sentences have no equivalent active sentence

Example:

a.       I don’t know where I am. I am lost.

b.       I can’t find my purse. It is gone.

c.       I am finished with my work.

d.       I am done with my work.

·         In (a) through (c) are example of idiomatic usage of the passive form in common, everyday English.

F.       COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITION

1.       Many sativa passive verb are followed by prepositions other than by

Example:

a)      I’m interested in Greek culture.

b)     He’s worried about losing his job.

COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERBS + PREPOSITION

Be accustomed to	Membiasakan diri	Be concerned about	Terkait
Be acquainted with	Berkenalan dengan	Be connected to	Terhubung
Be addicted to	Kecanduan dengan	Be coordinated with	Menkoorninasi
Be annoyed with/by	Terganggu dengan	Be covered with	Mencangkup
Be associated with	Berhubungan	Be crowded with	Penuh sesak
Be bored with / by	Bosan dengan	Be dedicated to	Mempersembahkan
Be cluttered with	Mengacaukan	Be devoted to	Mengabdikan
Be composed of	Mengubah	Be divorced from	Berpisah cerai
Be done with	Selesai dengan	Be frightened of / by	Menakuti
Be dressed in	Berpakain	Be gone from	Menghilang
Be engaged to	Bertunangan	Be interested in	Tertarik
Be equipped with	Memperlengkapi	Be involved in	Ikut serta
Be exited about	Pergi	Be known for	Diketahui
Be exhausted	Melelahkan	Be limited to	Terbatas
Be exposed to	Mengarahkan	Be located in	Lokasi
Be filled with	Menggisi	Be made of	Terbuat
Be finished with	Selesai	Be married to	Menikah dengan
Be apposed to	Pantas untuk	Be qualified for	Memenuhi syarat
Be pleased with	Senang dengan	Be related to	Berhubungan
Be prepared for	Mempersiapkan	Be remembered for	Teringat
Be protected from	Melindungi	Be satisfied with	Puas dengan
Be provided with	Menyediakan	Be scared of / by	Takut oleh
Be terrified of / by	Mengerikan	Be worried about	Khawatir tentang
Be tired of / from	Capek oleh	Be disappointed in/with	Kecewa dengan

G.      THE PASSIVE WITH GET

1.      GET + ADJECTIVE

Get may be followed by certain adjective. Get gives the idea of change – the idea of becoming to be, growing to be.

Example:

a.       I’m getting hungry. Let’s eat soon (I’m getting hungry = I wasn’t hungry before, but now I’m beginning to be hungry)

b.       You shouldn’t eat to much. You’ll get fat.

c.       I stopped working because I got sleepy.

2.      GET + PARTICIPLE

Get may be also followed by past participle. The past participle functions as an adjective, it describe the subject.

Example:

a.       I stopped working because I got tired.

b.       They are getting married next month.

c.       I got worried because he was two hours late.

3.      SOME OF THE COMMON ADJECTIVE THAT FOLLOW GET ARE:

Angry	Better	Cold	Empty	Good	Hungry	Mad	Rich
Anxious	Big	Dark	Fat	Heavy	Late	Nervous	Sick
Bald	Chilly	Dizzy	Full	Hot	Light	Old	Sleepy
Tall	Thirsty	Warm	Well	Wet	Worse	Busy	Rich

H.     PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES

1.      The present participle serves as an adjective with an active meaning. The noun it modifies performs an action.

Example:

The problem confused the students (it is a confusing problem)

·         The noun problem does something it confuses. Thus, it is describe as a “confusing problem”

2.      The past participle serves as an adjective with a passive meaning.

Example:

a.       The students are confused by the problem

(They are confused students)

·         The students are confused by something. Thus, they are describe as “confused students”

b.       The story amused the children

(It is an amusing story)

·         The noun story performs the action’.

c.       The children are amused by the story

(They are amused children)

·         The noun children receive the action.

PASSIVE VOICE

A.      ATURAN DALAM MEMBUAT KALIMAT PASSIVE

1.       Pola dasar kalimat pasif: TO BE + V II (to be – am, is, are, was, were, be, being, and been)

2.       ACTIVE VOICE: adalah kalimat yang subject (pokok kalimat) melakukan pekerjaan dan berawalan ME / BER .

3.       PASSIVE VOICE: adalah kalimat yang subject (pokok kalimat) dikenai pekerjaan dan berawalan DI / BER.

4.      Kalimat harus berObject

5.       Jika tidak ada object harus ada kata Tanya yang menanyakan object

6.       Object dalam kalimat active menjadi subject dalam kalimat pasif

7.       Subject dalam kalimat aktif menjadi object dalam kalimat pasif yang didahului dengan kata “by”

POLA – POLA YANG DIGUNAKAN MENURUT TENSES

PRESENT

1.      SIMPLE PRESENT

ACTIVE = do / does + verb I__________PASSIVE = is / am / are + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: I drink five glasses of water every day.

PASSIVE: Five glasses of water are drunk by me.

-        ACTIVE: She washes the clothes by detergent.

PASSIVE: The clothes are washed by detergent.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: It doesn’t do it

PASSIVE: It isn’t by it

-        ACTIVE: Jane doesn’t teach us English

PASSIVE: We aren’t taught English by Jane

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Does she do what she does?

PASSIVE: Is what she does done by her?

-        ACTIVE: Do you have what I had?

PASSIVE: Is what I had had by you?

-        ACTIVE: Do they call you?

PASSIVE: Are you called by them?

2.      PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: am / is / are + being + verb III__________PASSIVE: is / are / being + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: She is studying English.

PASSIVE: English is being studied by her.

-        ACTIVE: He is admiring yours dress.

PASSIVE: Your dress is being admired by him.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: She isn’t studying English

PASSIVE: English aren’t being studied by her

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Is she studying English?

PASSIVE: Is English is being studied by her?

-        ACTIVE: Is he admiring your dress?

PASSIVE: Is your dress being admired by him?

3.      PRESENT PREFECT

ACTIVE: have / has + verb III__________PASSIVE: have / has + been + Verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: They have given her money.

PASSIVE: The money has given her by them.

-        ACTIVE: Jane has bought a new house.

PASSIVE: A new house has been bought by Jane.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: They haven’t given her money

PASSIVE: The money hasn’t been given she by them

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Has he studied English?

PASSIVE: Has English been studied by him?

4.      PRESENT PREFECT PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: has / have + been + verb – ing__________PASSIVE: have/has +been being +verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: They have been hunting a lion.

PASSIVE: A lion have been being hunted by them.

-        ACTIVE: He has been studying English.

PASSIVE: English has been being studied by him

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: They haven’t been a lion.

PASSIVE: A lion haven’t been being hunted by them.

THE OTHERS EXAMPLE FOR QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: How many books does Tony have?

PASSIVE: How many books had by Tony?

-        ACTIVE: Whose brother do you want to invite?

PASSIVE: Whose brother is wanted to invite by you?

-        ACTIVE: Which girl do you want?

PASSIVE: Which girl is wanted by you?

-        ACTIVE: Where does Tiny study English?

PASSIVE: Where is English studied by Tiny?

PAST

1.       SIMPLE PAST

ACTIVE: did + verb II__________PASSIVE: was / were + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: She bought a book from Gramedia.

PASSIVE: A book was bought by her from Gramedia.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: I didn’t go to Jakarta last week.

PASSIVE: Jakarta wasn’t gone by me last week.

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Didn’t you invite her last night?

PASSIVE: Wasn’t she invited by you last night?

2.      PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: was / were + verb + ing_________PASSIVE: was / were + being + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: His father was visiting her mother

PASSIVE: Her mother was being visited by his father

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: I was not watching a television

PASSIVE: Television was not being watched by me

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Why was his father visiting her mother?

PASSIVE: Why was her mother being visited by his father?

3.      PAST PREFECT

ACTIVE: had + verb III____________PASSIVE: had + been + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: He had eaten a cup of Mie.

PASSIVE: A cup of Mie had been eaten by him.

-        ACTIVE: They had planted the onion.

PASSIVE: The onion had been planted by them.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: She hadn’t studied French.

PASSIVE: French hadn’t been studied by her.

4.      PAST PREFECT PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: had + been + verb – ing___________PASSIVE: had + been + being + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: They had been harvesting the paddies.

PASSIVE: The paddies had been being harvested by them.

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: Tiny hadn’t been bought a magazine.

PASSIVE: A magazine hadn’t been being bought by Tiny

THE OTHERS EXAMPLE FOR QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Who visited them last Sunday?

PASSIVE: By whom were they visited last Sunday?

-        ACTIVE: How many friends advised Anton?

PASSIVE: How many friends was Anton advised by?

-        ACTIVE: When did she bring our books?

PASSIVE: When were our books brought by her?

-        ACTIVE: How many friends did Anton advice?

PASSIVE: How many friends were advised by Anton?

-        ACTIVE: Whose father was visiting her mother?

PASSIVE: Whose father was her mother being visited by?

-        ACTIVE: Whose mother was his father visiting?

PASSIVE: Whose mother was being visited by his father?

FUTURE

1.      SIMPLE FUTURE

ACTIVE: will / shall + verb I__________PASSIVE: will / shall + be + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: The Police will punish the wrong parker driver

PASSIVE: The wrong parker driver will be punished by Police

-        ACTIVE: He will clean the room

PASSIVE: The room will be cleaned by him

Example for NEGATIVE SEBTENCE

-        ACTIVE: We will not swim in the sand.

PASSIVE: The sand will not be swum by them.

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Will he study English?

PASSIVE: Will English be studied by him?

2.      FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: will / shall + be + verb – ing___________PASSIVE: will / shall + be + being + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: Anna will be visiting her mother

PASSIVE: Her mother will be being visited by Anna

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: Sophie will not be sweeping in John’s house

PASSIVE: John’s house will not be being swept by Sophie

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Will he be going to Jakarta?

PASSIVE: Will Jakarta be being gone by him?

3.      FUTURE PREFECT

ACTIVE: will / shall + have + verb III__________PASSIVE: will / shall + have + been + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: The thief will have stolen the diamond

PASSIVE: The diamond will have been stolen by the thief

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: I will have not told the story

PASSIVE: The story will not have been told by me

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Will she have blown a balloon?

PASSIVE: Will a balloon have been blown by her?

4.      FUTURE PREFECT PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE: will / shall + have + been + verb-ing

PASSIVE: will / shall + have + been + being + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: We shall have been drinking a glass of water

PASSIVE: A glass of water shall have been being drunk by them

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: My uncle will not have been written the letter

PASSIVE: The letter will not have been being written by my uncle

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Will Tony have been bitten a food?

PASSIVE: Will a food have been being bitten by Tony?

THE OTHERS EXAMPLE FOR QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: How will you tell her about my problem?

PASSIVE: How will she be told about my problem by you?

-        ACTIVE: What animal will have stolen your cucumber?

PASSIVE: By what animal will your cucumber have been stolen?

-        ACTIVE: How many broadcasters will be broadcasting the news on the TV tonight?

PASSIVE: By how many broadcasters will the news be being broadcasted on the TV?

-        ACTIVE: How many donkeys will your uncle have had?

PASSIVE: How many donkeys will have been had by your uncle?

-        ACTIVE: How long will the driver have been parking his car?

PASSIVE: How long his car will have been being parked by the driver?

-        ACTIVE: Will she buy bread?

-        PASSIVE: Will bread be bought by her?

B.      THE USING OF MODAL IN PASSIVE VOICE

MODAL

	ACTIVE			PASSIVE
Can / could	Will / would	+ verb I	Can / could	Will / would	+ be + verb III
May / might	Shall / should	+ verb I	May / might	Shall / should	+ be + verb III
Must / had to	Have to / had to	+ verb I	Must / had to	Have to / had to	+ be + verb III

Example for POSITIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: She can do my job

-        PASSIVE: My job can be done by her

-        ACTIVE: I must eat the fruit

PASSIVE: The fruit must be eaten by me

-        ACTIVE: She has to visit him

PASSIVE: He has to visited by her

-        ACTIVE: She had to study English

PASSIVE: English had to studied by her

Example for NEGATIVE SENTENCE

-        ACTIVE: He doesn’t have to visited him

PASSIVE: He doesn’t have to be visited by him

-        ACTIVE: Ron didn’t have to study English

PASSIVE: English didn’t have to be studied by Ron

Example for QUESTION

-        ACTIVE: Who has to visit him?

PASSIVE: By who does she has to be visit?

-        ACTIVE: Whom does she have visited?

PASSIVE: Who has to be visited by her?

-        ACTIVE: Who had to study English?

PASSIVE: By whom did English have to be studied?

-        ACTIVE: What did she have to go?

PASSIVE: What had to be gone by her?

-        ACTIVE: Who will come to your house?

PASSIVE: By who will be come to him house?

C.      THE PASSIVE THAT IS USING IMPERSONAL IT

      IMPERSONAL IT digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang subjeknya adalah: people, everyone, everybody dan diikuti “that clause”

Example:

-        ACTIVE: People say that we have made much progress

PASSIVE: It is said that we have made much progress

-        ACTIVE: Everyone believe that there was no life in the Mars

PASSIVE: It was said that there was no life in the Mars

D.     BENTUK GERUND YANG MENGANDUNG ARTI PASIF

      GERUND sesudah kata kerja need, want, and require mengandung arti pasif

Example:

-        ACTIVE: The garden needs watering

PASSIVE: The garden needs to be watered

-        ACTIVE: The pens required refilling

PASSIVE: The pens required to be refilled