PREPOSISI DAN KATA PENGHUBUNG WAKTU
A. Before
1.
Before digunakan
untuk sesuatu yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu.
-
We
should finish this exercise before 4.00.
-
I need
to buy a present before James comes.
-
Before starting any business, it’s a good
idea to write a business plan.
2.
Perhatikan
bahwa apabila sebuah preposisi diikuti oleh kata kerja, kata kerja tersebut
harus berakhiran -ing.
-
Where
did you live before coming to America? Benar
-
Where
did you live before to come to America? Tidak benar
B. After
1.
After digunakan untuk sesuatu yang terjadi
setelah waktu tertentu.
-
I’ll
see you after work.
-
Camilla
won’t be home until after midnight.
-
David
got promoted after just two years with the company.
C. As yang menunjukkan waktu
1.
As digunakan apabila dua tindakan singkat
terjadi bersamaan.
-
I
dropped my keys as I left my apartment.
2.
As juga digunakan
apabila dua tindakan lama terjadi bersamaan.
-
His
health improved as he exercised more.
-
As time went by his English got better.
3.
As juga
digunakan apabila sebuah tindakan terjadi selama berlangsungnya situasi utama.
-
I woke
up as the sun was rising.
-
She
arrived as you were leaving.
D. As sebagai alasan
1.
As sering
digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang merupakan penyebab sesuatu lainnya, seperti
kata “because”
-
I’m
going to bed early as I have to get up early tomorrow.
-
As we’re not busy, let’s meet this
afternoon for lunch.
E. As soon as
1.
As soon as digunakan apabila sesuatu langsung
terjadi/dilakukan setelah kejadian lainnya.
-
I’ll
give you a call as soon as I’m finished.
-
As
soon as they go out let’s eat
lunch.
-
We’ll
send payment as soon as you fax the signed contract.
F. By
1.
By menunjukkan
sebuah batas waktu untuk terjadinya sesuatu – sebuah peristiwa harus terjadi
sebelum waktu tertentu dicapai.
-
You
need to finish this report by Monday.
-
I’ll
be back by six o’clock.
-
Our
business will be making a profit by next March.
2.
Ada tiga frase umum yang digunakan
bersama dengan by:
a)
By the time
-
I want
to be a successful businessman by the time 1′m 30.
b)
By then
-
They
have four months to prepare for the soccer game, so by then they should
be a strong team.
-
The
deadline for giving your essay is next Monday at 4.00. If I don’t receive your
essay by then, it won’t be marked.
c)
By that time
-
We
finished work at 9.00, but by that time it was too late to go out.
-
I hope
to go abroad next year, and by that time I’ll have enough money.
G. Untill
1.
Until berarti sebuah tindakan atau situasi
terus berlanjut sampai waktu tertentu.
-
We
were working last night until 2.30.
-
You
can stay at home until you feel better.
-
Can
you wait until I’m ready?
2.
Coba bandingkan until dan by:
-
“I’ll work here until September.” Ini berarti pembicara akan bekerja
disini sampai September, kemudian berhenti.
-
“I’ll work here by September.” Ini berarti bahwa pembicara tidak
sedang bekerja disini sekarang, tetapi baru akan memulai bekerja pada waktu
antara sekarang sampai September.
3.
Till merupakan
bentuk lain dari until, maknanya secara umum sama walaupun until
biasanya digunakan pada awal kalimat.
H. From…to/until
1.
From…to/until digunakan
untuk menandai permulaan dan akhir sebuah periode waktu.
-
Western
people often work from Monday to Friday, but Oriental people
often work from Monday to Saturday.
-
I’m
staying in Saudi Arabia from the beginning of March until the end
of August.
2.
From…to sedikit lebih informal dibanding from…until.
I.
For
1.
For menunjukkan berapa
lama sesuatu terjadi. Ini digunakan untuk menunjuk pada sebuah periode waktu.
-
We’re
going to live in Malta for 6 months.
-
She’s
in New York for a few days.
-
We
went to Saudi Arabia for a week.
J.
While
/ During
1.
During dan while menunjuk
pada sebuah periode waktu dimana sesuatu terjadi.
-
My
phone rang while I was in a meeting.
-
My
phone rang during the meeting.
2.
During digunakan bersama
kata benda atau frase kata benda.
-
We
were busy during the weekend.
-
During
the night the cat woke me up.
-
The
Athenians suffered heavy losses during the battle of Salamis.
3.
While digunakan bersama subjek dan kata kerja.
-
We
went shopping while you were sleeping.
-
You
shouldn’t eat while you are in the library.
-
While
I was working I got an email from
Tamara.
K. When / While
1.
When dan while keduanya bisa digunakan apabila dua
hal terjadi pada saat yang sama.
2.
Apabila
dua tindakan kontinyu terjadi pada saat yang sama, biasanya kita menggunakan while.
-
“While
you were studying I went out shopping.” Studying dan shopping adalah tindakan.
3.
Apabila
dua peristiwa singkat terjadi pada saat yang sama, kita menggunakan when.
-
“When
I saw you I didn’t recognize you.” I saw you dan I
didn’t recognize you
adalah peristiwa tersendiri.
4.
Jika
salah satu situasi dasar kontinyu terjadi dan satu kejadian singkat lainnya
terjadi pada saat yang sama, maka when maupun while
keduanya bisa digunakan.
-
“When
I was in Rome I met my wife.” – “While I was in Rome I met my wife.
-
“I cut
myself while I was cooking dinner.” – “I cut myself when I was cooking dinner.”
5.
Posisi
klausa while dan when
dapat saling ditukar yang biasanya menghasilkan sedikit perbedaan makna.
-
Don’t
forget to lock the door when you go out. – When you go out don’t
forget to lock the door.
-
We’re
still growing while other businesses are losing clients. – While
other businesses are losing clients, we’re still growing
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